Preface Principles and Theories
Method
Techniques
How does the teavher decide what to teach?
How does the teacher decide how to teach?
Learners variables
Biological variables
Age
Explanations for age- related differences
Social- psychological explanation
Cognitive explanation
Input explanation
Sex
Cognitive variables
Aptitude
Phonetic coding ability
Grammatical sensitivity
Rote learning
Inductive processing
Intelligence
Background knowledge
Affective variables
Motivation
Attitude
Self- esteem
Anxiety
The native language
Learning styles
Sensory preferences
Analytic/ geshtalt
Reflectivity / impulsivity
Tolerance of Ambiguity
Field independence/ dependence
Learning strategies
Six main categories of L2 learning strategies
Cognitive strategies
Metacoginitive strategies
Memory- related strategies
Compensatory strategies
Affective strategies
Social strategies
Learning strategies and tasks
Classifying
Predicting
Inductive reasoning
Inferencing
Discriminating
Cooperating
Practicing
Selective listening
Learning
What is learning
The monitor model
The acquisition/ Iearning hypothesis
The natural order hypothesis
The monitor hypothesis
The affective filter hypothesis
Comprehension
The syntactic approach
The semantic approach
Principles governing L2 teaching methods
The grammar – translation method
The series method
The direct method
The reading method
The audio – lingual method
The cognitive approach
The community language learning (CLL) method
Total physical response ( TPR)
The natural approach
Suggestopedia
The silent way
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
Individualized FL instruction
Lesson Planning
The traditional view
The present view
The framework
Pre – view
View
Global questions
Text – based questions
Inference – making questions
Post – view
Listening
Listening through the syntactic approach
Discriminating sounds
Listening through the semantic approach
Listening activities
Listening activities for beginners
B . Listening activities for non – beginners
Research into listening
Samples of listening activities
Reading
Developing the reading skill
Reading as a technique for developing sound- symbol correspondence
Developing reading for the acquisition of reading skills
Intensive reading
Research into the nature of reading
Extensive reading
Speaking
Pre – communicative frame work
Communication
Guidelines for the acquisition of the functions
What to practice
Some activities to develop conversation skills
A sample lesson
Conversation game
Describe and draw
Problem solving
Role play
Discussion of selected topics
Research into speaking
A sample speaking lesson
Writing
Writing exercise
Guided writing
Expressive writing
Research into writing
Integrated Skills
Classroom activities
Integrating culture, structures, and vocabulary with the skills
Culture
Learning activities
Vocabulary
Structures
The teacher
References
